➀ The EU-funded PEARL consortium achieved over 21% efficiency for flexible perovskite solar cells using advanced R2R manufacturing, with institutions like ICIX and VTT developing surface treatments and greener processes;

➁ Durability tests confirmed stability over 2,000 hours in harsh conditions, while sustainable practices, including carbon electrodes and material recycling, reduced the carbon footprint by 50%;

➂ The project aims to optimize large-scale production for applications like building-integrated photovoltaics, with demonstrations planned at the EU PVSEC 2025 conference.